Hope for Alcoholism Treatment
Many families have learned the frustration of trying to help an alcoholic family member when they did… [more]
Crack Cocaine Recovery
The devastation that crack cocaine wreaked on America in the late 1980s was about as destructive of families… [more]
Teen Alcohol and Prescription Drug Use May Create Need for Rehab
It may come as no surprise to parents of teenagers that there is often a hidden world among teens that… [more]
Should Parents Use Drug Tests if More than Half of All High School Students are Abusing Drugs?
In light of recent study results that show that more than fifty percent of schoolchildren have abused… [more]
How Pain Killers Can Lead to Addiction
How Pain Killers Can Lead to Addiction It can often happen that one inadvertently gets hooked on pain… [more]
The Benefits to Your Community of Effective Drug Rehab
If one looks at the costs of drug treatment, law enforcement, the judicial system and welfare costs due… [more]
Underage Drinking and and Partying can Set Up Young Adults to Need Rehab
If one wants to know how much drinking is happening on college campuses, there are several ways to find out. One would be to read the studies and reports that are published by such agencies as the US Surgeon General’s office, or the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA). Another option would be to visit any college campus on any weekend, and check out fraternity or sorority row. You would find out pretty quickly how far this problem has gone.
According to CASA’s research reports as of 2007, they found that almost half of all full-time college students went on drinking binges (defined as five or more drinks in one sitting), abused prescription drugs, or used illegal drugs. And about 25% of them or almost 2 million students met the definition for substance abuse or dependence. This is nearly three times greater than the rate among the general American public. And most college students are under age 21, so purchasing alcohol or public possession of it is also illegal in the United States.
Also, in 2007 the Surgeon General of the U.S. issued a Call to Action to Prevent Underage Drinking. There he stated that American young people from age 18-20 had the highest rate of alcohol dependence among the population, and most “began drinking years earlier.”
Personal tragedies are numerous as the overuse of alcohol may result in crippling injuries or death, or even the deaths of others who may not be drinking, victims of drunk driving traffic accidents. The list is too long to enumerate all of the young people who have lost their lives recently to alcohol. There is the case of Madison Lewis, age 19, who died in Alabama last December when her driver was drunk. Another was Ashley Donahue age 20, who also died in December last year when she was thrown out of a car in Framingham, MA on her way home from a party where she and some other students had been playing drinking games.
Narconon Can Help People Regain Sobriety
When someone has lost control of their drinking, and cannot stop it himself and repair the damage he has created, he needs effective rehabilitation. Even college students, who may not think that alcohol abuse rehab should be part of their college experience, may need to go to rehab before continuing their studies, or after they graduate so they can live productive, sober lifestyles.
Narconon drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers exist on six continents and in fifty locations around the world. The Narconon program offers an excellent chance for a full recovery, and has done so for over forty-five years, having helped hundreds of thousands of alcoholics and drug addicts. Narconon’s program is comprehensive, long-term, and holistic and uses no other drugs to help one get off of the drugs or alcohol they are addicted to. In fact, seven of ten Narconon graduates stay sober and drug-free.
One essential component of recovery is to reduce or eliminate cravings for a drug. This is done very effectively on the Narconon New Life Detoxification Program, which includes daily nutritional supplementation, closely-supervised time in a dry-heat sauna, and moderate exercise. It is this unique combination that allows one to rid the body of the accumulated toxins left over from the drugs or alcohol that have been consumed. These toxins are stored in the fatty tissues of the body, where they can remain for years, later triggering cravings for drugs or alcohol. But with the Narconon New Life Detoxification Program, the body eliminates these toxins, leaving a person feeling fresher, with more energy and a brighter outlook on life, and with fewer or no cravings at all.
The Narconon program also includes life skills courses which one does after completing the full physical detox. These courses allow one to chart a course for a drug-free future, even when met with life’s obstacles and challenges. When one graduates the Narconon drug rehab program, he or she is ready to meet these challenges without the need for drugs or alcohol as an escape.
Call a Narconon rehab counselor to see how you can help someone with alcoholism.
Resources:
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/underagedrinking/calltoaction.pdf
http://www.casacolumbia.org/templates/Publications_Reports.aspx#r11: Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’s Colleges and Universities
“The legal age for alcohol in the USA is 21 years old. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public possession of alcohol age to 21. From The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, by David J. Hanson, Ph.D
http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/YouthIssues/1092767630.html
“The legal age for alcohol in the USA is 21 years old. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public possession of alcohol age to 21. from The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, by David J. Hanson, Ph.D.
http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/YouthIssues/1092767630.html
Drinking and Driving Fatalities
Anyone can tell you that drinking and driving do not mix, and that alcohol contributes to higher accident rates for drivers.
But exactly how destructive is this factor?
In just five months, according to the head of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) there were 5,700 traffic fatalities related to alcohol use, the same number of people that have been killed in US commercial jet airline accidents for the entire history of the NTSB’s keeping track of such accidents.
Taking a few drinks and then getting behind the wheel of a car is a recipe for disaster. Not only is the drinker’s reaction time made much slower and his ability to drive safely impaired, but so is his judgment. Thus, it makes it easy for him to think it is fine to drive when it really is not.
Some states have made laws and equipment that check the breath of a convicted DUI or DWI driver before his car will start. Others encourage designated drivers be selected before anyone goes into a bar to drink. But, these measures have as yet been ineffective in eliminating tens of thousands of alcohol-related traffic deaths which could otherwise be avoided.
In 2009, there were an estimated 30,797 total people who died in motor vehicle accidents, and while there were a lower percentage of alcohol-impaired driving fatalities, those still represented 32% of all driving fatalities. In other words, a third of all accidents which resulted in a death were attributable to a driver who had been drinking.
Somehow, we have to get a handle on the decision that a person makes to take a drink and then get behind the wheel. When one is an alcoholic, or even just enjoys drinking frequently, one may not be able to make such a wise decision. Alcohol abuse also increases around holiday times, and since so many people drink heavily at these times, the abuse can easily be overlooked.
A Narconon drug and alcohol rehabilitation center can help the alcohol turn his or her life around, and literally make the difference between life and death for anyone who is addicted.
When the person decides to kick his addiction, he should get a program that is effective and produces results for the majority of those who enroll. In fact, the Narconon drug and alcohol rehab centers, located on six different continents of the world, and all over the United States offer a program which produces drug-free lives in more than 70% of its graduates. These Narconon program completions have been followed up and found to remain sober and drug free at least two years after graduation.
There are Narconon centers in Taiwan, Russia, Italy, Australia, Mexico, South America and North America. Each offers truly lasting recovery through a holistic, drugless, comprehensive, long-term, inpatient rehab program.
One part of recovering from addiction is to reduce one’s cravings for the substance they had been addicted to. In the Narconon New Life Detoxification Program, one gets help with this aspect of their physical recovery. With moderate exercise, some daily time spent in a dry-heat sauna, and ample nutritional supplements, one is setting up the perfect regimen for the body to rid itself of the accumulated toxins that are stored in the fatty tissues of the body.
When one has gotten rid of these toxins, not only are cravings much less or often gone altogether, but the person also recovers a fresh viewpoint on the world, and feels brighter, more optimistic and ready to go on to the next stage of the Narconon Rehab program.
This next phase involves training in life skills to ensure that the person understands the reasons he went down the road to alcohol or drug abuse in the first place. There are five more stages during this part of the program, all of which contribute to the person fully recovering his ability to make good decisions and to choose his associates wisely. He will only graduate the full Narconon program when he has formulated a plan that will ensure he can remain drug-free after leaving, and live his life without the crutch of drugs or alcohol, even when life presents its inevitable challenges.
Narconon represents a solution for anyone who truly wants to turn their addiction around, and live a productive life without the need for drugs or alcohol.
Call to find out all the details of the Narconon alcohol abuse recovery program today.
Resources:
http://www.ntsb.gov/news/speeches/sumwalt/rls110823.html
Traffic Safety Facts 2009: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811402.pdf
National Center for Statistics and Analysis U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, DC 20590
http://www.ntsb.gov/news/speeches/sumwalt/rls110823.html
Traffic Safety Facts 2009: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
Is There an Effective Alcohol Rehab Program?
The latest World Health Organization’s statistics show that over 2.5 million deaths each year can be related to the harmful use of alcohol.
This includes disease and injuries to the drinker himself, and through his dangerous actions such as drinking and driving or violence, those injuries he causes to others. Alcohol is a direct cause factor in more than 60 types of diseases and injuries and a component cause in 200 others.
Alcohol is indeed the most popular drug on the planet and kills far more people worldwide than any other drug. It is the cause of death in nearly 4% of all deaths worldwide, greater than those caused by HIV/AIDS, violence or tuberculosis. While not everyone who drinks alcohol is abusing it, so many are that it is a public health problem of global proportion.
Taking into account how many people are thus affected by alcohol abuse, it would be wonderful if there were an effective alcohol rehab program that really works!
An Effective Alcohol Rehab Worldwide
Fortunately, there is an effective alcohol rehabilitation program worldwide. It is called Narconon, and has been in existence for over 45 years. It was started by a man named William Benitez in an Arizona State Prison, as he needed help to recover from his own heroin addiction that kept landing him in jail and saw that other prisoners needed similar help. It is based on the research and work of humanitarian and author L. Ron Hubbard.
A Narconon alcohol treatment center is not a typical drug and alcohol rehab center. At Narconon each person entering the program is treated as a student, not as a patient. During the entire Narconon program each student is learning more and more things about himself and about ways of dealing with life without the need for alcohol or drugs. One learns to take control over his previous alcohol or drug solutions to problems he would not confront directly. In the course of the Narconon program, one goes through eight individual courses, each of which gradually gives back more of the person’s own personality and his desire to live a drug and alcohol-free life.
In the first step, he is withdrawing from the alcohol while being given plenty of one-on-one assistance and nutritional support and supplementation with vitamins and minerals. In this environment, it is possible for the person to begin to see that life can be lived without the crutch of alcohol.
In the next step, he will go through the Narconon New Life Detoxification Program, which gets the residues of drugs and alcohol out of the fatty tissue of the body, where it has been stored. Without the residual toxins in the body, it is far less likely that the person will crave the drugs or alcohol he once was addicted to.
Outside Influences Can Help Create More Alcoholics
One problem which alcoholics who are not able to control their drinking often engage in is called “binge drinking.” This involves consumption of five or more drinks in one sitting. This trend has been increasing recently among young people. It has even taken its place in the social media networks. For example, on Facebook, alcohol abusers are bragging about how much they can drink in one sitting, a factor that some researchers say adds to the increasing alcohol consumption and binge drinking among youth.
Alcohol abuse is a societal problem and one that we need to take much more seriously. Although pervasive, it rarely ranks as a top concern until it affects you, your family, or your loved ones. When that happens, there is a solution. Narconon drug and alcohol rehab centers exist on six continents in more than 50 locations worldwide.
It is possible to find an effective alcohol rehab program at Narconon. Call today!
Resources:
Global status report on alcohol and health.
World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156415 1 (NLM classification: WM 274)
© World Health Organization 2011.
Alcohol Abuse Affects Many Levels of Society
When one reads newspaper headlines, it is noticeable how many prominent people are affected by drug and alcohol abuse. A quick scan of some recent headlines reveals that Charlie Sheen’s ex-wife was arrested recently in Aspen on assault and cocaine possession charges; the former Miss USA, Rima Fakih was arrested in Michigan on drunk driving charges; and most recently (December 6, 2011), the chief of the Federal Aviation Administration, Randy Babbitt stepped down from his position following an arrest for drunken driving in Fairfax City, VA. Police stopped Babbitt after they spotted him driving on the wrong side of the road.
Babbitt’s arrest information was made public in accordance with a Fairfax City police general order that says they will release information on any arrest of public officials, including federal officials, for any criminal charge or serious traffic charge (e.g. driving under the influence, reckless driving).
The FAA has been in the spotlight for the past few years and suffered weeks of criticism following revelations last spring that at least nine air traffic controllers had fallen asleep on the job or were unresponsive to calls.
The FAA has also been plagued by a rash of pilots who were violating federal regulations regarding alcohol and flying.
In November of 2009, a United Airlines pilot was arrested in London’s Heathrow airport before takeoff for allegedly drinking too much before entering the cockpit.
In 2008, 13 pilots violated the Federal Aviation Administration’s alcohol-related rules. Their rules state that pilots can’t fly if they have a blood-alcohol level of 0.04% or higher, half the legal driving limit in most states. They are prohibited from drinking any alcohol in the eight hours before reporting for work, a provision known in the profession as the “bottle-to-throttle” rule.
British law is even stricter with a 0.02% limit, a level which can be reached with about one regular beer.
Despite these regulations and attempts to have other crew members look out for the safety of all passengers, alcohol is a pervasive problem, and not just among professional pilots.
The problem of alcohol abuse reaches to the top and bottom rungs of society, and once an alcoholic, it is extremely hard to break free of the addiction. Anyone can have a few drinks from time to time, but when an otherwise rational person chooses to drink excessively despite the damage it may be causing to their health, work, finances, and relationships, and they cannot quit of their own accord, it may be termed alcoholism.
Only effective alcohol abuse rehab programs with a proven track record can ensure that you or a family member will become free of this societal and personal curse.
Narconon objectives have been helping alcoholics and other drug addicts to live sober and drug-free lives for 45 years. Narconon has programs all over the world, in six continents and more than 40 countries.
For Narconon school drug education programs to help educate kids about alcohol and other harmful drugs, contact a Narconon center today.
Resources:
http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/news/a/drugnews.htm
http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2009-11-12-pilot-drinking-episodes_N.htm
Drinking and Driving Still Leading Cause of Teen Deaths
Although early estimates by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the 2010 traffic fatalities are down by approximately three percent, the number of people who died in automobile crashes still totals over 32,700 people that year. The fatality rate in fact, is projected to decline to the lowest on record for 2010, to 1.13 fatalities for every million vehicle miles traveled. These statistics sound promising but if you are a parent of a teen or young adult driver, the picture isn’t quite as encouraging.
In 2008, the NHTSA found that car crashes are the leading cause of death for teens, and that one out of every three of those deaths is alcohol-related. More significantly, teen alcohol use and abuse kills about 6,000 people each year, more than the total caused by all illegal drugs combined.
However, the NHTSA found that a young driver having an accident after drinking isn’t the only thing his or her family should be concerned about. When a young driver drinks, it is often true that the accident is far more severe than an accident caused by a young, non-drinking driver. Which means a much greater chance of a fatality.
An examination of 2008 statistics tells the story:
That year, only two percent of the drivers under 21 years of age who were involved in property-damage-only crashes had been drinking.
Four percent of those involved in crashes resulting in injury had been drinking.
But a whopping twenty-two percent of those involved in fatal crashes had been drinking.
When alcohol affects your own family, it is often very personal and the result of not dealing with this issue can be devastating. The question becomes “How do I prevent my own child or his friends from driving when drinking? How do I prevent or stop him or her from drinking at all? What do I do to educate my child to protect him from drunk drivers?”
If you think your teen or young adult is involved in drinking, particularly binge drinking (defined as five or more drinks at one sitting), start off by talking to them. Make it clear that you are concerned about their safety and the safety of their friends and associates. Ensure that they know the impairment that can be caused by even a little drinking (buzzed drinking and driving still kills).
Cover this point too: They should never allow someone else who has been drinking to drive. Also make sure your child knows that it is safe to call for a ride home at any time of the day or night. This one point alone could save his or her life.
If you think he is already drinking excessively, he may need to go to an effective drug and alcohol Narconon program. Narconon has been successfully helping drug and alcohol addicts with its drug free methods for forty-five years in 50 countries around the world.
For more information about Narconon and its effective alcohol rehab program, call today.
Resources:
Traffic Fatalities in 2010 Drop to Lowest Level in Recorded History, A Press Release, from Ê NHTSA 05-11, Friday, April 1, 2011, DOT Estimates Three Percent Drop Beneath 2009 Record Low, http://www.nhtsa.gov/PR/NHTSA-05-11
(Hingson and Kenkel, 2003) Full cite: Hingson, Ralph and D. Kenkel. “Social and Health Consequences of Underage Drinking.” In press. As quoted in Institute of Medicine National Research Council of the National Academies. Bonnie, Richard J. and Mary Ellen O’Connell, eds. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003.
Alcohol Potentially a Fatal Poison
Headlines of USA Today proclaimed in October, 2011 that Amy Winehouse, who was well known to have been battling drug and alcohol abuse problems, ultimately died after drinking too much alcohol. She was found to have died of an “unintended consequence” of her drinking.
Her death was not ruled a suicide by the London coroner because she presumably didn’t realize that by drinking so much she pushed her blood alcohol level over five times the legal limit for drunk driving, and that this level was potentially fatal.
Her tragic death points out the actual risk factors involved in chronic excessive alcohol abuse. Amy was trying to battle the addiction according to this report, and had been prescribed, among other drugs, the sedative Librium to help her cope with the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, but clearly she couldn’t cope with those symptoms and literally drank herself to death.
Excessive drinking can cause death in many ways. One is the aspiration of vomit which can lead to asphyxiation; another is poisoning of the respiratory center in the brain. Of course, fatal automobile accidents and fights and violent crimes resulting in injury are some others.
Sadly, many college students and other young people who watch others drink excessively or even laugh at others who are passing out due to alcohol, later say they wish they’d sought medical attention for their friends. In many cases, these students end up feeling guilty for alcohol-related tragedies which could have been prevented.
Knowing the signs of alcohol poisoning would help, and also knowing what to do if one suspects someone they know has alcohol poisoning are crucial educational measures to prevent more needless deaths.
There are common myths about sobering up including taking a cold shower, drinking black coffee and sleeping it off. But these don’t work and could be dangerous as they overlook the fact that alcohol levels can keep climbing after drinking stops.
The only thing that reverses the effects of alcohol is time, which unfortunately is something your friend may not have if he is suffering from alcohol poisoning. Also, because many different factors affect the level of intoxication for each individual, it is hard to gauge exactly how much is too much alcohol consumption for one person.
Here is what happens to the body when it gets alcohol poisoning:
Alcohol depresses some of the nerves involved in involuntary actions of the body like breathing and the gag reflex which prevents choking.
Vomiting is a common response to alcohol drinking to excess, as alcohol is a stomach irritant. A person who is unconscious due to intoxication can inhale this vomit and therefore die of asphyxiation.
After a person has passed out in a drunken stupor, the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) can continue to rise in their body. This is because the alcohol in the stomach and intestines keeps being absorbed into the bloodstream and it circulates throughout the body. Therefore it is dangerous to think the person will be okay if you just let them sleep it off. Their BAC can reach such high levels that they stop breathing before the body can break down the alcohol into harmless components.
So, what should one do if you suspect your friend has alcohol poisoning? First, know the danger signs, such as mental confusion, stupor, coma, vomiting, seizures, slow breathing and irregular breathing. Also, hypothermia is a symptom of alcohol poisoning, which can be evaluated by the paleness or bluish color of the skin, as well as a cold feel to the body.
Second, don’t wait for all these symptoms to present themselves in your friend. If you see one or two, it is time to call 911 and get help. If your friend is unconscious due to excessive alcohol consumption, they may never wake up.
You can take action also by seeing that any friend or family member who uses alcohol to excess gets help at a reputable and effective drug and alcohol rehab center. Surprisingly, in a 2009 study, nearly two-thirds of all alcohol addicts never even seek help to recover from their addiction.
Narconon has been helping alcoholics and other drug addicts to get sober and straight and stay that way for over 45 years on six continents of the world.
Call a Narconon alcohol treatment center if you know someone who needs help with alcohol abuse.
Resouces:
http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/story/2011-10-26/amy-winehouse-pathologist/50927104/
http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/otheralcoholinformation/factsaboutalcoholpoisoning.aspx
Prevention of Over-Consumption of Alcohol
Although you often hear alarming statistics about how much alcohol is consumed and the consequences of over-consumption, the issue really becomes much more direct and personal when it affects you, your family, friends or close associates. The societal implications and public health issues raised by alcohol excess was the topic of a few recent research reports, conducted by the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The broad implications also apply on a personal level.
It is fairly well known that drinking and driving is a significant factor in automobile injuries and deaths in the U.S. In fact, alcohol was involved in forty percent of traffic crash fatalities and seven percent of all crashes in 2003, which tallied more than 17,000 fatalities and over 275,000 car accidental injuries, according to the NHTSA study of 2004.
In 2008, the NHTSA study found that car crashes are the leading cause of death for teens, and that one out of three of those deaths are alcohol-related. Moreover, teen alcohol use kills about 6,000 people each year, more than all illegal drugs combined.
If you or your family members have been involved in one of these accidents, you understand quite well the desire to get drunken drivers off the road, and more to the point, prevent them from drinking and driving in the first place. Many organizations such as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) and others have sprung up and are working very diligently to lobby against drinking and driving.
It is evident that alcohol and its repercussions have potentially devastating consequences for both the individual and society.
But, how does this situation change? Is it just by better laws or enforcement of the existing laws? The NHTSA study states that while laws exist that restrict sales to intoxicated patrons and at events like “happy hour”, they can reduce alcohol-related harm only if they are adequately enforced. Enforcement or rather, lack of enforcement of these laws becomes one key to handling the issue.
Many states have program that try to increase compliance and enforcement, and some of these could be used as models for other states to adopt.
Prevention of drinking to excess by adequate educational programs early in school is another key to reducing alcohol-related destruction. Effective education which gets at the youngest children, as early as elementary school, is needed to change this behavior pattern.
By junior high school it is already too late. Although recent trends show that younger teens are binge drinking less (reduced from 9% to 6.4% among 8th graders in a recent study), there are still 15% of 10th graders reportedly binge drinking, and 22% of high school seniors who report that they have drunk 5 or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks, according to the 2011 study.
When one has an alcoholic in their midst, or when one’s family has been involved in these tragic accidents, the issue becomes very personal. If you are faced with the personal wreckage that living with an alcoholic brings, or if you want to help someone to successfully stop abusing alcohol or other drugs, there are several effective programs you could choose.
Narconon is one program which has been helping to broadly educate young people and getting people off drugs and alcohol effectively and with great success for over forty-five years. In over 50 countries around the world, Narconon has safely and successfully used its drug-free methods to help tens of thousands of addicts and alcoholics to live sober and drug-free lives.
We do not have Narconon meetings, but for more information and to learn how the Narconon drug and alcohol rehab program works, please read this article: http://www.narconon-news.org/program/narconon-alcohol-rehab-program.html.
Resources:
DOT HS 809 878 Revised February 2005, Preventing Over-consumption of Alcohol Ð Sales to the Intoxicated and “Happy Hour” (Drink Special) Laws, National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration.
http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/alcohol/pireweb/images/2240pierfinal.pdf
(NHTSA, 2009) Full cite: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. “Traffic Safety Facts 2008: Young Drivers”. DOT 811 169. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2009. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811169.PDF
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2004). Traffic Safety Facts 2003: Alcohol. DOT HS 809 761.
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809897.PDF
Hingson, Ralph and D. Kenkel. “Social and Health Consequences of Underage Drinking.” In press. As quoted in Institute of Medicine National Research Council of the National Academies. Bonnie, Richard J. and Mary Ellen O’Connell, eds. Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003.
http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/HSYouthtrends.html
http://drugabuse.gov/newsroom/11/mtf11overview.html
